Genetic diversity, population structure, and conservation of Sophora moorcroftiana (Fabaceae), a shrub endemic to the Tibetan Plateau

Sophora moorcroftiana is a perennial leguminous low shrub endemic to the middle reaches of Yarlung Zangbo River in Tibet. It is an important species to fix sand dunes and to avoid the formation of shifting sands; therefore, its progressive over-exploitation may enhance land desertification. The levels and distribution of genetic variability of this species were evaluated from 10 natural populations at 24 loci encoding 13 enzymes, using allozyme analysis by starch gel electrophoresis. Data obtained revealed moderate levels of genetic variation within populations (Pp=27.5%, Ap=1.5, Hep=0.122) and a considerable divergence among populations (FST=0.199). Significant positive correlations (r2=0.49, p<0.05; r2=0.46, p<0.05) were found between elevation and both mean number of alleles per locus (A) and gene diversity (He) in the studied populations of S. moorcroftiana. Lower genetic diversity in lower elevation populations might be due to the negative effects of human pressures and habitat fragmentation, to adaptation to high altitudes as a consequence of a peripatric speciation process, or to directional gene flow along the river basin from the source populations located in the west at higher altitudes. The evaluation of the degree of threat has led to the inclusion of this species in the category of EN ("endangered"), and conservation strategies for this endemic species are discussed on the basis of these findings.     

野生苦刺花食用价值研究

对苦刺花的基本营养成分进行了较为全面的分析测定.结果表明:苦刺花粗蛋白含量为20.79%,氨基酸种类齐全,并含有VB1、VB2、VPP、VC及胡萝卜素等多种维生素,矿质元素含量丰富,还含有适量的纤维素、碳水化合物、酸及果胶等营养成分;重金属、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐含量均未超过国家标准.因此,苦刺花营养成分种类齐全,含量丰富,具有较高的营养价值.     

Kurarinol, tyrosinase inhibitor isolated from the root of Sophora flavescens

It is well known that flavanones, sophoraflavanone G 1, kurarinone 2, and kurarinol 3, from the root of Sophora flavescens, have extremely strong tyrosinase inhibitory activity. This study delineates the principal pharmacological features of kurarinol 3 that lead to inhibition of the oxidation of l-tyrosine to melanin by mushroom tyrosinase (IC₅₀ of 100 nM). The inhibition kinetics analyses unveil that compounds 1 and 2 are noncompetitive inhibitors. However similar analysis shows kurarinol 3 to be a competitive inhibitor. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited potent antibacterial activity with 10 μg/disk against Gram-positive bacteria, whereas kurarinol 3 did not ostend any antibacterial activity. Interestingly, kurarinol 3 inhibits production of melanin in S. bikiniensis without affecting the growth of microorganism. It is thus distinctly different from the other tyrosinase inhibitors 1 and 2. In addition, kurarinol 3 manifests relatively low cytotoxic activity (EC₅₀>30 μM) compared to 1 and 2. To account for these observations, we conducted molecular modeling studies. These suggested that the lavandulyl group within 3 is instrumental in the interaction with the enzyme. More specifically, the terminal hydroxy function within the lavandulyl group is most important for optimal binding.     

人工模拟水热条件下苦豆子2种群硬实破除研究

以生长于内蒙古额济纳旗和阿拉善左旗2个种群的苦豆子为材料,根据其种子在自然条件下的2种存在方式:埋藏于土壤中和停留于土壤表面,模拟湿热和干热2种条件,并设置阿拉善干旱荒漠区可能出现的温度条件探讨自然条件下苦豆子硬实的破除机理.结果表明:苦豆子两种群硬实的破除对环境因子(温度、变温、湿度)的响应不同,高温(50～60℃)是两种群硬实破除都需要的条件,而单一的高温处理只能显著破除额济纳旗种群苦豆子的硬实;高温(60℃)和湿度(沙水质量比100:5)的结合可显著破除两种群苦豆子硬实,使额济纳旗和阿拉善左旗的苦豆子硬实丧失率分别达91%和87%;不同种皮颜色和种脐厚度的显著差异可能是引起两种群苦豆子硬实破除对环境因子响应不同的原因.     

苦豆子营养器官的发育解剖学及组织化学研究

采用石蜡切片法对苦豆子(Sophora alopecuroides L.)根、茎、横走茎及叶的发育过程进行了研究,并利用组织化学的方法对生物碱在苦豆子各营养器官中的分布规律进行了测定.苦豆子根、茎及横走茎的初生生长与一般双子叶植物的发育规律一致,但在次生生长时,部分维管形成层细胞平周分裂只形成薄壁组织,从而将次生维管组织也分离成束.茎与横走茎的功能及生活环境不同,所以在结构上也存在一定的差异.叶是等面叶,上下表皮内都有栅栏组织的分布,其组织分化和发育过程与双子叶植物叶的发育规律一致.在茎、横走茎及叶主脉中,韧皮部的外侧都包围有纤维束,其来源都是原生韧皮部.应用硅钨酸、碘化铋钾及I-KI溶液进行沉淀反应,测定出生物总碱在苦豆子根、茎、横走茎及叶的薄壁组织细胞中均存在.     

Search for Microorganisms Producing Cephalosporin Acylase and Enzymatic Synthesis of Cephalosporins

Microorganisms were tested for production of cephalosporin acylase. Some bacteria showed strong acylase activity for all of cephalexin, cephaloridine, cephalotin, penicillin G and ampicillin. Some showed a rather specific activity for cephalexin. Pseudomonas melanogenum KY 3987 showed specific activity only for cephalexin and ampicillin which contain a side chain of d-phenylglycine. Most of these acylase-producing bacteria had the ability to synthesize cephalexin and other cephalosporins from 7-aminocephem compounds and organic acid esters. Among them, Ktuyvera citrophila KY 7844 was one of the most promising organisms for enzymatic synthesis of cephalosporins. This organism had the ability to catalyze N-acylation of 7-aminocephem compound not only with α-amino acid ester, but also with such acid esters as 1-(1 H)-tetrazolylacetate methylester which has no α-amino group.     

苦豆子和披针叶黄华种子硬实特性与活力关系研究

以苦豆子和披针叶黄华种子为实验材料,在恒温25℃下吸胀,每24h取出吸胀种子,10d后未吸胀的种子为硬实种子(H),硬实种子用硫酸处理后恒温吸胀24h,与非硬实种子进行发芽试验和各项活力指标测定。结果显示:(1)每日内吸胀的种子数量随时间推移以一定比列下降,苦豆子非硬实种子吸胀速率较缓慢,第10天后吸胀率降到1%,披针叶黄华非硬实种子第3天后下降到1%,第9、10天突然上升后又下降到1%。(2)两种豆类种子都显示出硬实种子发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、脱氢酶、呼吸速率、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)均高于非硬实种子,而电导率、浸出液可溶性糖和丙二醛(MDA)均低于非硬实种子,缓慢吸胀的硬实种子活力指标高于快速吸胀的硬实种子。研究表明,硬实种子活力高于非硬实种子,硬实种子吸胀过程中存在吸胀损伤。而在非硬实种子中,根据以上活力指标判断,晚吸胀的种子比早吸胀的种子活力高。     

Identification of the quinolizidine alkaloids in Sophora leachiana

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砂生槐的一新变型——白花砂生槐

描述了豆科苦参属砂生槐的一个新变型:白花砂生槐[Sophora moorcroftiana(Benth.)Baker f.albiflora S.H.Yang]。原变型的花冠为蓝紫色,而新变型的花冠为白色。     

LC-MS/MS法测定苦参提取物中苦参碱和氧化苦参碱的质量浓度

摘要 目的：探讨液相色谱/串联质谱法(Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,LC-MS/MS)测定苦参提取物中苦参碱和氧化苦参碱的质量浓度。方法：验证LC-MS/MS测定苦参提取物中苦参碱、氧化苦参碱的可行性与有效性,并判定检出限、重复性、稳定性、加样回收率。结果绘制苦参碱、氧化苦参碱的检出标准曲线。结果：LC-MS/MS检测苦参提取物中苦参碱与氧化苦参碱的一级质谱图和二级质谱图显示,苦参碱和氧化苦参碱的相对分子量为：248.36、246.36。色谱图显示苦参碱与氧化苦参碱无干扰色谱峰,各成分及内标峰形良好,表明该方法专属性强。在5 μg/L~500 μg/L浓度范围内,苦参碱、氧化苦参碱均呈现良好的线性关系,线性方程分别为y=6.10x-118.29和y=18.29x-14.22,检出限均为0.1 μg/L。LC-MS/MS法测定苦参提取物中苦参碱、氧化苦参碱的重复性、稳定性、加样回收率RSD均<5 %。结论：LC-MS/MS法测定苦参提取物中苦参碱和氧化苦参碱的质量浓度具有可行性、高灵敏度、高特异性等优点,可用于苦参提取物的质量控制与评价,并为后续他人的研究提供关键试验参考条件。